By Barry Whitworth, DVM

Scrapie is a chronic, progressive disease of the central nervous system that affects sheep and goats. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has worked for decades to eliminate scrapie from small ruminant operations. The United States was positioned to meet the World Organization for Animal Health’s seven-year benchmark for self-declared scrapie freedom in January 2028. Unfortunately, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed classical scrapie in a sheep slaughtered at a facility in Oregon. With this detection, national scrapie-free status for the U.S. may be pushed back to sometime in 2033.

Scrapie is the oldest of the neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Other TSEs include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, known as mad cow disease; chronic wasting disease, found in deer; and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, found in humans. TSEs are protein-misfolding diseases that damage the brain, and they are always fatal.

Researchers don’t fully understand what causes scrapie, but evidence points to an infectious protein called a prion. These infectious prions damage the normal prion proteins found in the brain. The misfolded proteins lead to brain damage and the clinical signs of the disease. Prions resist destruction, so once they are in the environment, they are difficult to remove.

Scrapie appears to spread mainly by the oral route. Lambs and kids typically ingest prions when they contact placentas and birthing fluids from infected ewes and does. Older animals can be exposed the same way. Colostrum and milk are also sources of prions, and urine, feces, saliva and nasal secretions may contain them as well. Once ingested, prions cross into the lymphoid system, where they incubate for a long time, usually two to five years, before entering the nervous system.

Genetics plays a part in scrapie infections. Some breeds are more susceptible because of their genetic makeup. Genetic testing can help producers select breeding stock with resistant genes.

The clinical signs most associated with scrapie are intense itching (pruritus), incoordination (ataxia) and wasting. Early on, producers may notice slight behavior changes in infected sheep and goats. Animals may have a staring or fixed gaze, fail to respond to herding or act aggressively toward objects. As the disease progresses, signs include weight loss despite a normal appetite, incoordination, head tremors and intense itching. In the final stages, sheep go down and may show blindness, seizures and an inability to swallow. Once the first clinical signs appear, death usually follows in one to six months.

The gold standard for diagnosing scrapie after death is immunohistochemistry testing of brain tissue, along with microscopic examination of the brain for the lesions characteristic of TSEs. Veterinarians can also diagnose live animals by testing lymphoid tissue from the third eyelid and rectal mucosa scrapings.

No treatment exists for scrapie, so prevention is key. Biosecurity is a good starting point. Maintain a closed flock, and buy replacement animals only from certified scrapie-free flocks. Limit visitors’ contact with your animals. Keep lambing and kidding areas clean, and dispose of manure and bedding contaminated with birthing fluids and placentas properly. Use genetically resistant animals for breeding to produce genetically resistant offspring.

A novel, or atypical, form of scrapie also exists. Sometimes called the Nor98 variant, it was first found in Norway and has been diagnosed in the U.S. as well. It usually turns up in a single old animal in a flock or herd, and its brain lesions differ from those of classical scrapie. Experts currently believe natural transmission of atypical scrapie is unlikely.

Small ruminant producers can help the USDA’s eradication effort by contacting the agency when an adult sheep or goat shows clinical signs of scrapie or when an adult animal dies or is euthanized. Contact Oklahoma State Veterinarian Dr. Rod Hall at 405-522-6141 or USDA Veterinary Services at 405-254-1797. Collection and testing of samples for scrapie are free.

Another important step in eliminating scrapie, and other diseases, is identifying animals with official USDA ID. The USDA National Scrapie Eradication Program requires most sheep to be identified to their flock of birth when they leave their home premises for sale, show or events, or when they commingle with other sheep.

Unfortunately, the Oregon sheep diagnosed with scrapie had no tag, which will hamper USDA traceback efforts. You can find more information on official ID at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/nvap/reference-guide/animal-identification/sheep-goat.

The U.S. needs to eliminate scrapie. Once it does, the country will gain additional export markets for sheep and goat products. Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service has an informative fact sheet on scrapie. Ask your local county Extension office for fact sheet VTMD-9135, or view it online at https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/scrapie.html. Sheep and goat producers may also want to visit the USDA National Scrapie Eradication Program website at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/sheep-goat/scrapie.

References

Cassmann, E. D., & Greenlee, J. J. (2020). Pathogenesis, detection, and control of scrapie in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(7), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.7.600

By Justine Anderson | OCC Public Information Manager

In Pawnee, Oklahoma, one landowner needed a plan and some help to turn his 400 acres, with three ponds and acres packed with Eastern redcedars, into usable land for cattle and wildlife.

Brian Heishman is a retired, disabled Marine Corps veteran. After five years in the infantry, 16 years in Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and 10 years contracting for the U.S. government in Iraq, Brian wanted a way to stay active and a greater purpose. Managing the land with his wife, Melinda (Mindy), and bringing it back to its original state gave him both.

“Finding a greater purpose that is satisfying is a struggle for many who leave the brotherhood, but I’ve found mine in managing this land,” Brian said.

Brian and Mindy are in their fifth year of owning the land, and it has changed quickly from a cedar-filled landscape into an ecosystem full of native grasses with more water. Brian first met with Duel Brown, Pawnee County conservationist for the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and a U.S. Air Force veteran, who gave him clear advice on managing the land.

Brian wasn’t sure he could clear the cedars himself. He had never done that kind of work. After he cleared an initial 500 feet to create a fire break for a prescribed burn, he felt confident enough to sign a contract with NRCS, with help from Cole Fagen at the American Bird Conservancy. He hasn’t looked back. Since signing his first NRCS contract in 2022, Brian has found a new purpose clearing Eastern redcedars and restoring native grasses.

Under additional NRCS EQIP contracts, Brian installed cross fencing and put grazing management practices in place, with help from two other former Marines who work for NRCS, Blake Crispin and Shaun Hull. He bought equipment with a loan from the Farm Service Agency, which sped up the cedar clearing. With help from other partners, he restored the dam on the property’s largest pond, giving the cattle that graze the area a source of fresh water. Kyle Johnson of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation helped Brian stock his ponds with a variety of fish to improve their ecological health. Brian credits the Pawnee County Prescribed Burn Association with teaching him the details of prescribed burning and advising him on best practices.

“Working with NRCS has been very easy and beneficial. My advice to others would be to get good equipment and keep at it. Conservation is possible if you just keep going. Once you see progress, it becomes addicting and you want to keep making progress!” Brian said.

A wildfire that swept through the land in 2025 sped up Brian’s cedar clearing. The fire also burned other trees, including oaks and black walnuts, but it cleared most of the cedars on the east side of the property. Brian is now clearing the burned skeletons, and he is seeing grass grow back. His ponds are filling faster, and new streams have appeared as water levels rise without the cedars pulling moisture from the ground.

“The differences between how the land looked in 2022 and now are very clear. Seeing the native grasses repopulating the land is very promising and sends a clear message that Brian’s hard work is paying off,” said Duel Brown of NRCS. “I’m grateful for Brian and Mindy and their dedication to preserving the land.”

As Brian keeps clearing cedars, his goal is simple: maintain the work he has done so the trees can’t take over again. Eventually, he and Mindy plan to build a home and enjoy what their work has produced. Brian hopes his story will encourage others to try a conservation practice and lean on the partners available to help. From brothers in arms to brothers in conservation, Brian and NRCS have shown what people can do for the land when they work together.

By Savannah Magoteaux, Editor

Bluejacket, Oklahoma, is the kind of town where almost everyone knows everyone else. With a population of about 300 and a K-12 enrollment of about 170 students, it is not where most people would expect to find an FFA chapter sending students across the country, much less across the Atlantic Ocean.

But Bluejacket FFA Advisor Shawn Martin has never believed the size of a student’s hometown should determine the size of his or her opportunities.

Under Martin’s leadership, Bluejacket FFA has grown from about 33 members to between 65 and 70 each year. Students have traveled to National FFA Convention, toured agriculture in Ireland, visited the John Deere factory in Iowa, earned National Three-Star Chapter recognition and been selected for a national chapter exchange program. At home, they weld, build projects, grow produce, sell at farmers markets and help provide fresh food to people in their community.

That list would be impressive anywhere. It stands out even more at a school where a graduating class may number only a dozen students.

Yet Martin doesn’t talk about any of it as though he built the program alone. He keeps coming back to the same point: the students have to buy in.

“The most important thing is getting the buy-in to kids and getting them to want to go and see and do,” he said. “I’m very proud of them. We have lots of kids participating and helping and making these things happen.”

That belief in giving students ownership may be one of the biggest reasons Bluejacket FFA has grown into the program it is today.

Coming home

Martin understands small-town life because Bluejacket has always been home.

He was born and raised in the area, attended Bluejacket schools and was deeply involved in FFA himself. He served two years as chapter president, earned his State FFA Degree and graduated in 1987.

“I just loved everything about the FFA,” he said. “We had a great program there when I was a kid too.”

He considered teaching agriculture early on, but his career went another direction. After attending college for a time, Martin saw the earning potential in pipe welding and went to work in the trade.

He spent about 22 years as a pipe welder, traveling across the country. The work paid well, but it kept him away from home for much of his life. At one point, Martin estimates, he was on the road around 330 days a year.

Eventually, the trade-off became harder to accept. The birth of his grandson brought the decision into focus.

“I came home and I saw him, and I’m like, ‘I’m not doing this anymore. I’m not going to miss these grandkids growing up like I did with the kids growing up,’” Martin recalled.

He couldn’t walk away from a successful welding career overnight. His family was used to the income, and Martin knew he had to prepare financially before making the change. He spent several years putting himself in a position to come home and go back to college.

In the end, the decision came down to what he wanted the next part of his life to look like.

“At some point it’s not worth it anymore, and the money’s not what it’s all about,” he said. “You need some kind of personal happiness and something that gives you meaning. Sitting alone in a hotel room 800 miles away from your own house and your own family, it gets old.”

Martin retired from welding around 2011 and finished his education degree by 2015. Soon afterward, an agriculture teaching position opened at Bluejacket. It was his first full-time teaching job, and his farm was only three miles away.

The boy who once wore the Bluejacket FFA jacket had come home to lead the same program.

Building pride

When Martin took over, the chapter had about 33 members. He felt the program had grown complacent and wasn’t taking advantage of many of the activities and opportunities FFA offers.

Before chasing awards or adding trips, Martin wanted the students to be proud of their own program.

“My first thing when I came back, I wanted to put that pride in that ag program,” he said.

He started with the classroom. Martin remembered walking into a plain white room with little sense of identity or ownership. He remodeled it with rusted tin and gave it a farmhouse feel.

“This is your place, and you guys take pride in it,” he wanted the students to understand.

Students started wearing Bluejacket FFA apparel and joining more activities. Slowly, Martin saw them take ownership.

“We started getting the kids to buy in, and they really did,” he said.

Membership grew. Today, 65 to 70 students are involved each year, most of the students eligible to participate.

A major turning point came when a group of younger members set their sights on National Three-Star Chapter recognition. By Martin’s third year, they had earned it.

“Those kids had set that goal, and like, ‘This is what we want to do,’ and that was a turning point for the chapter right there,” he said.

For Martin, the recognition confirmed that the hours going into the program were paying off.

“It was overwhelming because you put all these hours in, and you’re like, ‘Gosh, I don’t know if we’re getting where we need to get,’” he said. “But when that happened, I’m like, ‘Okay, we’re on the right track, and we’re doing good things.’”

The students traveled to Indiana and crossed the stage at National FFA Convention.

“It blew me away,” Martin said. “I was so excited. The kids were so excited. Got to go to Indiana and cross that national stage and hear our chapter name mentioned.”

Bluejacket is pursuing National Three-Star recognition again, and Martin doesn’t do the work behind the scenes for his students. The application requires extensive documentation of chapter activities and impact, and he expects his officers and members to handle it.

“I don’t sit and fill out their applications and all that stuff for them,” he said. “I help where they need help, but they have to buy into it.”

Seeing the world

That approach carries over into other opportunities, too. When Martin talks about what he wants to give his students, travel comes up quickly.

He enjoys traveling himself and sees great value in taking young people beyond the places they already know. Some Bluejacket students, he said, had not traveled far before joining the program.

“I personally love to travel too, and I’ve kind of encouraged the kids to do that,” he said.

A few years ago, Bluejacket FFA took 10 students to Ireland for an agricultural tour of the countryside.

More recently, Martin and his students asked how they could create a trip for the entire chapter. Through a separate fundraising effort, they took students to Waterloo, Iowa, where they toured the John Deere factory that builds the company’s large 9 Series tractors. The trip also included the Field of Dreams and time at water parks.

For Martin, mixing agriculture with experiences students enjoy is part of the point. He wants them to learn, and he also wants them to discover how big the world is outside their hometown.

“Getting them out of state and showing them how much fun traveling is and what cool places there are to see,” he said.

The trips do more than make memories. Martin hopes seeing different places, careers and industries will change the way students think about their futures.

“If we can take them places and show them these things, maybe you might decide, ‘Hey, I want to go to college,’ or, ‘Hey, I want to go get me a career of some kind, even in the trades, where I can make good money,’” he said.

Martin doesn’t discourage students from staying close to home. He wants staying home to be a choice rather than the result of never knowing other options existed.

“Staying local is great if that’s what you want to do,” he said.

He also talks candidly with students about earning a living and building a stable future.

“I know it’s not all about money, but making a good living takes a lot of pressure off of you in your life,” Martin said.

His own career gives him practical experience when those conversations turn to skilled trades. Martin teaches welding at Bluejacket, and every student gets at least some time behind the hood. He can also tell students what a welding career looks like, including the income and the sacrifices that come with traveling work.

Students tend to focus on the paycheck.

“The first thing they want to know is how much money you made, and then that’s it,” Martin joked. “They don’t hear anything after that.”

Still, his advice stays the same. College is not the only path to success, but he wants students to pursue some kind of education or career training after graduation.

The students do the work

The same philosophy of preparation and responsibility runs through the chapter’s activities.

When Bluejacket applied for a national Chapter Connect program, Martin didn’t fill out the application. The students did. He told them about the opportunity and asked whether they wanted to pursue it.

“‘What, you guys want to do it? Fill it out,’” he recalled telling them.

They wrote the application, brought it to him to proofread and submitted it. Bluejacket was selected.

The program pairs FFA chapters from different parts of the country, and Bluejacket was matched with a chapter from an urban area of Virginia. The students will work together online on projects throughout the year, with plans for an exchange that lets each group see the other’s community and agriculture.

When the Virginia students come to Oklahoma, Martin plans to show them what agriculture looks like around Bluejacket. One stop will be the Layton family ranch west of Welch, where students can see horses, cattle and a working ranch and learn about rodeo culture from Landry Layton.

For Bluejacket students, the exchange offers another chance to see a very different part of the country. It is exactly the kind of opportunity Martin wants them to pursue, but he also wants them to understand that opportunities take effort before they ever become available.

“They have to buy into it,” he said.

Bluejacket students compete, and Martin is proud when they succeed.

“My kids get a lot of plaques, and they do great,” he said.

He also wants agricultural education to stay connected to agriculture itself. At Bluejacket, students weld. They build chicken coops, chicken tractors, outdoor furniture and other projects. Before building, Martin makes students draw plans and figure out what materials they need.

“I want everybody to build one project,” he said. “The first thing you do is draw me a set of plans. Then, what materials do you need before ordering?”

The goal is to teach students to think a problem through from beginning to end.

“You may be surprised one day you want to build something at your house, and you could do it,” he tells them.

Martin knows not every student will become a welder or work in production agriculture, but he believes the confidence that comes from learning to build, repair, plan and solve problems pays off in any career.

The same goes for public speaking. Martin remembers one student who told him in eighth grade that she would never give a speech.

“She told me, ‘I’m never going to give a speech,’” he said.

By her senior year, she was almost unrecognizable from that reluctant eighth grader.

“That girl could walk in front of 300 people and control that room and run it and knows how to speak, and just became so good at it,” Martin said. “That’s the stuff I really love to see.”

Those transformations are one reason he resists defining the program by contests and awards alone.

“It’s not all a contest,” Martin said. “They have their place, and they are important. But it’s not all there is to agriculture.”

He sometimes wonders whether agricultural education leans so heavily toward contests that students miss basic hands-on skills.

“Are we forgetting our roots, and are we forgetting that we still need to know these fundamentals of agriculture, hands-on?” he said.

At Bluejacket, Martin is determined that the answer be no.

Growing food, giving it away

You can see that commitment on the school’s 10-acre property. What started as a small garden several years ago has grown into a large outdoor garden, an orchard and a 40-by-120-foot high tunnel. Students help plant, install watering systems, harvest produce and learn what it takes to grow food. They also grow hay on part of the property.

The produce operation now supplies tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables to the school and brings in income for the FFA chapter through farmers markets. Martin estimates the chapter earned around $10,000 to $11,000 from produce sales over the summer.

The chapter has also partnered with the Cherokee Nation, accepting its farmers market benefits and helping bring fresh produce to tribal citizens in the region. At times, the students take produce to Bernice so it is closer to people in tribal food distribution programs.

Not everything the students grow gets sold. When there is extra produce, Martin said, the chapter shares it with about 11 families or individuals, including elderly and homebound people and others who may need help.

Most people never see that part of the program.

“That’s something you’ll never see on the Facebook page,” Martin said. “We don’t talk about it.”

That is intentional. Martin wants his students to learn that service doesn’t need recognition.

“When you do something nice, don’t take pictures of it and put it on Facebook,” he tells them. “Just do it to be doing it.”

For all the national recognition, travel and contest success Bluejacket FFA has earned, that lesson may say more about what Martin wants the program to accomplish than any plaque on the wall.

“We give a lot of it away to families all through the summer months so they can have fresh produce too,” he said. “I’m trying to teach them to be good and to help people when you can, because I think that’s important too.”

It is another kind of preparation for life, one you can’t measure with a contest score or list on an application.

“We’re a small school, but we’re trying to do good things and grow the program and teach the kids the right way,” Martin said. “Be a contributor in the community too.”

Martin once left Bluejacket to make his living hundreds of miles from home. Coming back gave him the meaningful second career he was looking for. Now his work centers on making sure the young people growing up in that same small community see their hometown as a starting point rather than a limit.

They may go to college. They may learn a trade. They may stay in Bluejacket or travel far beyond it. Martin sees his job as making sure they have seen enough, learned enough and done enough to know they have choices.

And more and more, his students are taking responsibility for creating those opportunities themselves.