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5 Common Winter Horse Care Mistakes

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By Laci Jones

With the winter season in full swing, it is especially important to make certain your livestock are well taken care of.

“Winter is the time where we see the most colic in horses, many horse care issues and a lot of respiratory and skin issues,” said Shem Oliver, DVM, board certified surgeon and partner at Performance Equine Associates in Thackerville, Okla.

Ensure your horse is taken care of all season long by avoiding these five common winter horse care mistakes.

Over Blanketing

It may be difficult not to feel guilty about leaving a horse out in the cold. Horse owners may be tempted to rush to their horse’s aid and pile blankets on them, but Oliver said that may not be the best idea.

“I see both sides of the spectrum—over blanketing and under blanketing,” he said. “Usually under blanketing is less of a problem.”

Oliver said he rarely sees an under-blanketed horse because horses with short hair coats year-round are often blanketed appropriately. Oliver said owners that have horses living outside are more likely to over-blanket.

“Those horses adapt by growing a longer hair coat,” Oliver explained. “An owner puts the heavy winter blanket on them when it gets cold, but doesn’t take it off of them at the appropriate time.”

Over blanketing can cause overheating, which may lead to dehydration as well as other health problems. Oliver said over blanketing can also cause a horse to sweat, which may allow fungus to grow and lead to skin conditions like dermatitis. Sweating can also make the horse colder.

“The main thing with blankets is you have to adjust it based on how your horse responds to blanketing,” Oliver said. “If you put the blanket on when it is too warm and they start to sweat, the next time you don’t need to blanket until it is a little cooler.”

Light blankets should be placed on horses with little to no hair at around 65 degrees Fahrenheit, he said. When the temperature drops to 50 degrees Fahrenheit, a heavier blanket is required. Long-haired horses may need a blanket at colder temperatures.

Oliver said more management is required than just putting a blanket on and turning them out to the pasture.

“I see people who leave a blanket on for a week,” he said. “They pull it off and see the horses have a cut or rub sore that the blankets cover up.”

He said rub sores can be caused by an ill-fitted blanket.

“Checking horses appropriately every day, taking the blanket off, making sure it’s clean and the horse is clean underneath is key if you are going to blanket a horse,” he added.

Lack of Shelter

A common mistake made by horse owners is horses not having enough shelter from the elements.

“I don’t think you can have too much shelter,” Oliver said. “The only way you can have too much shelter is if they are not used to being confined to a stall. You can have issues with colic.”

If an owner has horses housed in a barn, the barn should have proper ventilation. Proper ventilation eliminates excess moisture and condensation buildup, which impacts a horse’s respiratory health.

“At minimum, horses need to have a three-sided shelter in their pasture where they can get out of the wind and elements,” Oliver said.

Horses will more readily go into a shelter if there is a large opening, Oliver said. A three-sided shelter also allows horses to take shelter during weather storms and return when it passes. The opening of the three-sided shelter should face away from the elements.

“The south side is usually open because the wind usually comes from the west or north as well as rain or snow,” Oliver said.

How large a shelter is needed depends on the number of horses in the pasture, Oliver said.

“If you have 20 horses in a pasture and only one three-sided shelter, then they are not going to cram themselves in there,” Oliver said. “Horses, while they will get along, are not going to pack themselves in a shelter.”

No Beauty Maintenance

Due to winter weather conditions, a horse owner may not see his horse every day. An owner may not catch a problem that may occur when they are not riding or grooming as often.

“You see things like their hoof care becoming neglected,” Oliver said. “They get foot abscesses, thrush and/or they get long feet.”

Horses travel on uneven, frozen ground that could possibly crack and break hooves. Regular hoof trimming or shoeing is important even in the winter, he explained.

“The main thing is treating horses like you would as if you were riding them every day including grooming their hair coat and giving them a bath even though it is cold,” Oliver said.

A horse owner needs to make certain the horse is dry before going back outside. The drying process takes longer in the winter, he added.

By not grooming or riding, an owner may not notice a horse’s illnesses, injuries or weight loss. Grooming daily allows owners to check for parasites, wounds, or weight loss.

“Maintain a regular schedule of grooming care and hoof care,” Oliver said. “A lot of times when people aren’t riding like they would in the summer, it slips their mind. It is easy to happen to anybody.”

Not Increasing Rations

“A lot of times, people feed horses less in the winter,” Oliver said. “Because they are riding less, the owners think the horses need less feed, but they actually need more feed in the winter.”

While horses do not expend as much energy riding, they will burn more calories to stay warm in the cooler weather. He said underfeeding is why horses “go downhill” in the winter and can cause weight loss.

The horses might not need as much grain, Oliver said. However, the horses need more forage in the form of hay or increased fiber in their diet. Forage provides an excellent source of calories and the large amounts of fiber helps keep horses warmer in the winter, he added.

“A good rule of thumb that I learned in vet school is they need about one percent more forage for every degree below freezing it gets,” Oliver said. “For example, if it’s in the 20s, they need 10 percent more feed. If they are getting 20 pounds of feed, then you will need to add two pounds more to their feed to maintain.”

Vitamins and minerals are always required, especially in the winter, he said. Adequate levels of vitamins are available in good quality horse feed and hay, but a vitamin and mineral supplement can help.

“Keeping electrolytes, salt blocks and minerals out for horses will help keep a balanced diet, but it will also stimulate them to drink more water,” Oliver said.

Dehydration

Oliver said horse dehydration may be the number one mistake amongst horse owners. Water begins to freeze as temperatures begin to drop, and snow and ice cannot be substituted for drinking water.

“Usually if a horse runs into a problem in the winter, it is because their water if frozen over and they get dehydrated or the horse doesn’t drink as much because the water is cold,” Oliver said.

A horse will drink water above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, Oliver explained. Fresh, warm water is necessary for horse hydration, he added.

If a horse is not properly hydrated, they will consume less ration regardless of the quality of feed. Grain and hay fed mostly in the winter months contains less than 15 percent moisture, where pasture grasses contain approximately 80 percent moisture.

Dehydration in horses can lead to weight loss, lack of energy and impaction colic, Oliver said.

Investing in a heating device specifically designed for waterers and troughs can help keep horses hydrated all winter long.

He said horses are more neglected in the winter. An owner should check their horse each day for injuries and to make sure they are drinking enough, he added.

In addition to these five common mistakes, Oliver said owners should make sure to exercise their horses year round.

“The main thing is nothing should change as far as the time of year,” Oliver said. “Not changing their schedule from summer to winter is key.”

Equine

Leave a Legacy: Miss Rodeo Oklahoma Landry Layton

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By Savannah Magoteaux, Editor

Before Landry Layton became Miss Rodeo Oklahoma, she learned to speak for agriculture in an FFA jacket and carry its values from the back of a horse. One taught her how to advocate for the ranching life she was raised in, and the other gave her a way to share it with rodeo fans, schoolchildren and strangers across the country. Now, those two parts of her life come together in her year as Miss Rodeo Oklahoma 2026 and in the platform she chose to guide it: “Leave a Legacy.”

For Layton, those words are not just a slogan that looks good on a sash card. They are tied to her family, her cattle, her hometown and the people who came before her. The 22-year-old from Welch, Oklahoma, was raised in a family where ranching was part of everyday life, and the work began long before she had cattle of her own.

“I grew up on a fifth-generation cattle ranch in northeast Oklahoma,” Layton said. “It was my dad and my grandpa. I’ve been around cattle as long as I can remember. They have Charolais and Angus and some cross cattle.”

That family operation gave Layton her first lessons in responsibility, but in seventh grade, she decided to build something of her own. In 2016, she bought 14 head of registered Red Angus cattle and began showing through FFA and at county fairs. What began as a small project grew into a herd that is now close to 50 head.

“I started showing them through FFA and at our county fairs, and it kind of just spiraled from there,” she said.

She had success in the show ring, including winning the Bred and Owned Red Angus Heifer Show at the Tulsa State Fair and earning reserve honors at the Oklahoma Youth Expo. Those wins meant more because they were cattle she had raised herself.

“That was something I had raised and bred and taken care of as long as it was on the ground,” Layton said.

Red Angus were not the expected choice in her area, which was part of the reason she chose them. There were not many being shown at her county fair, and Layton liked the idea of doing something different. The breed also offered the kind of traits she believed could work well for both show projects and future production.

“They were super pretty, and there weren’t a whole lot of them in the area,” she said. “I knew they had that Angus side for meat production, but I also knew they would have really good growth genetics. I really liked the red color, and I knew they would be a good set of cattle.”

After high school, Layton stepped away from showing, but she did not step away from the cattle business. Today, her herd is geared more toward local ranchers than the show ring. She keeps bull calves through weaning and yearling age, grows them out, and sells to buyers looking for bulls to use in their own herds.

“It’s really kind of local buyers,” she said. “If they’re looking for something to put on their herd, or if they’re looking for something they know is going to do well and perform well, that’s more what I do now.”

Cattle came through her dad’s side of the family. Rodeo came through her mom’s side. Her grandfather helped bring rodeo into the family, and the next generation followed in different ways.

“My grandfather was a PRCA steer wrestler, and he had his Gold Card through the PRCA, so that was a big accomplishment of his,” Layton said. “He was really the first one that got into rodeo. My mom barrel raced, and my siblings and I all did rodeo in junior high and early high school.”

Layton ran barrels, poles and tied goats, but when she was old enough to join FFA, agriculture quickly became her focus. She joined the first chance she could in eighth grade and stayed involved through her senior year. She showed pigs and cattle, competed in livestock judging, public speaking and agricultural communications, and in 2023, she received the American FFA Degree.

That honor was a milestone not only for Layton, but for her chapter.

“I was the very first female from my FFA chapter to ever get her American Degree,” Layton said. “I was also the first student to get it since, I want to say, 1975. It had been quite a while, so that was a really big deal in my chapter and in my hometown.”

The accomplishment has already had an impact close to home. Layton said her cousin is set to receive the degree, too, making the achievement feel even more meaningful.

“It’s kind of full circle,” Layton said. “Not that I was the first one to do it, but it kind of started that trend of other kids in the chapter seeing that it can be done. That was really great.”

Looking back, Layton sees FFA as one of the strongest foundations for the role she has now. The contests, interviews and public speaking all helped prepare her to represent agriculture and rodeo in a larger way.

“FFA was such a great stepping stone,” she said. “Combining that with being a rodeo queen has really helped me a lot since high school. I think back a

Rodeo queening, however, was not something Layton had planned from childhood. In fact, she laughs about how it began. A local pageant in Vinita for the Will Rogers Memorial Rodeo caught her attention for one very practical reason.

“I had never really even considered being a rodeo queen,” she said. “I didn’t have a single clue about anything on the rodeo queen side of things. They had a local pageant in Vinita, and I entered it simply because they were giving away a new saddle. I was like, ‘This is a really nice saddle. I can use this a lot.’”

What started with a saddle quickly became something more. Layton realized rodeo queening gave her a way to combine agriculture, public speaking and the Western lifestyle she had always known.

“I didn’t realize that I could combine agriculture and everything I had always grown up with and take it onto a stage of a sort,” she said. “I could really show everyone what agriculture meant to me, how it shaped me, and promote what I’ve always loved and what I’ve always done.”

From there, she entered more local pageants. She held the title of Miss Interstate Fair and Rodeo in Coffeyville, Kansas, then went on to be named Miss American Cowboys Rodeo Association in 2024. She later competed for Miss Rodeo Oklahoma and walked away with the 2026 title.

The Miss Rodeo Oklahoma pageant was a week-long competition, and it was more intense than a casual observer might realize. Contestants did not have their phones or outside contact, which meant Layton could not check in with family or ask how something looked from the outside. She and the other contestant for Miss Rodeo Oklahoma were roommates throughout the week, and rather than letting the pressure take over, they enjoyed the experience.

“We watched the Hallmark Channel every morning while we were getting ready,” Layton said. “We’d turn on Golden Girls. By the end of the week, I think we were both more so thinking about how much fun we had during it. We got to go to the rodeo every night. It was just great.”

When coronation came, neither of them knew what to expect.

“We were both like, whoever wins, we’re obviously going to be happy for the other one, and we know either one of us would do a great job,” Layton said. “It was such a fun week, and I think that’s what it’s all about. You go there to have fun, and you go there to promote what you know and what you do.”

Since being crowned Miss Rodeo Oklahoma, Layton’s year has been busy, but it has also taken her into places and conversations she may not have experienced otherwise. She has traveled to Colorado, South Dakota, Florida, Wyoming and beyond, representing Oklahoma and the sport of rodeo.

“The crown really takes you places you never would have thought you could go,” she said.

One of those moments came over the Fourth of July in Cody, Wyoming. Layton was struck not only by the crowd, but by the number of people visiting from outside the country who wanted to experience American rodeo and Western tradition for themselves.

“There were so many people there from out of the country, and that really surprised me,” she said. “So many people cared enough about American rodeo and how we do things here, and they wanted to experience it for themselves over the Fourth of July.”

As she rode down the streets of Cody in the parade, with thousands of people lining Main Street, she was reminded why the work matters.

“You see people that maybe don’t have a clue about it, but they’re interested in learning about it,” Layton said. “That’s really what we do as rodeo queens, promoting and sharing it with people. I get to share it with people who didn’t grow up the way I grew up, but now I still get to include them in on it and showcase where I grew up and how I grew up.”

That ability to connect with people is part of what makes the Miss Rodeo Oklahoma title meaningful to Layton. She knows the crown may open doors, but what happens after that depends on the person wearing it. For Layton, the goal is not simply to appear at rodeos and take pictures. It is to help people understand the values, history and work behind the Western way of life.

Her platform, “Leave a Legacy,” grew from that same idea. The phrase was a natural fit with her initials, LL, but it also connected to the land and family history that shaped her.

“I really liked ‘leave’ and ‘legacy’ because it matched my initials,” she said. “But obviously I’m from a very rural part of Oklahoma, and you get to meet so many people out here who have done things a certain way for a certain period of time.”Layton’s family ranch sits on land with deep history. She said the original place traces back to her grandfather’s great- great-grandmother and an original Cherokee land allotment. That history matters to her because it gives her a personal connection to the idea of carrying traditions forward.

“There’s a whole lot of history here, and I really love learning about it,” Layton said. “That’s kind of where that came from. I want everyone to remember where they came from. That’s what I want to promote, the rural values and Western traditions, and not only the way I grew up, but how you can make a difference in your own community.”

For Layton, leaving a legacy does not mean holding tightly to the past without room for growth. It means understanding the work, sacrifices and values that built rural communities, then finding ways to carry them forward. As she travels, she has seen how traditions vary from state to state, but she has also seen how much they have in common.

“There’s so much history in not only rural Oklahoma, but everywhere,” she said. “I think it’s really great to share those traditions and what you grew up with. As Miss Rodeo Oklahoma, it helps to be a relatable person if you have personal stories to share. It’s easier to understand it on the level of just having a conversation.”

This year has also marked amajor personal milestone for Layton. In May, she graduated from Oklahoma State University with a degree in Animal Science Pre-Veterinary Medicine. During her time at OSU, she was also part of the Spirit Rider team for two years, helping with Bullet, the American Quarter Horse mascot.

Being on the field on game day gave Layton another kind of ambassador experience, one that mixed horsemanship, school pride and a loud stadium full of people.

“I got to experience game day from down on the field with Bullet, and it was a very cool experience,” she said.

She was impressed by how well Bullet handled the atmosphere.

“You never know how anything is going to take that environment,” Layton said. “There are so many people there, and it’s so loud, and there’s so much going on. You’re like, how can anything handle this? And he stood in the corner and napped. It was really funny to see how much he truly loves it and likes being there.”

After her year as Miss Rodeo Oklahoma, Layton hopes to continue on to Miss Rodeo America. The pageant is held the first week of December in Las Vegas in conjunction with the National Finals Rodeo. Like the state pageant, contestants spend the week without phones or outside contact, moving through interviews, horsemanship, speeches and knowledge-based portions of the competition.

“It’s the same setup,” Layton said. “You have chaperones that take you everywhere you need to go all week. You don’t have your phones. You don’t have contact with the outside world. It’s just you and the other state queens and the judges.”

The preparation is demanding. Contestants ride draw horses they have never seen before, with no warm-up before completing their patterns. They complete personality and horsemanship interviews, take a written test over the PRCA rule book and study current events. Layton has been preparing by riding horses from other families, studying the rule book and media guide, and practicing extemporaneous speaking.

“Current events, the PRCA rule book and the media guide have become my best friends,” she said. “There is so much to keep up with, but it’s really making sure you are that well- rounded person Miss Rodeo America has to be.”

Her animal science degree helps, especially with the horsemanship interview, but Layton knows the competition requires more than book knowledge. It requires confidence, adaptability and the ability to communicate under pressure. To practice extemporaneous speaking, she finds random inspirational topics, gives herself 10 minutes to prepare, then delivers a speech.

“It’s a lot of studying and a lot of practicing,” she said. “It’s kind of how I did the same thing for Oklahoma, just on a much higher level.”

If she is chosen as Miss Rodeo America, Layton would love the opportunity to continue traveling and promoting rodeo, agriculture and the Western lifestyle for another year. After that, her goal is to return to Oklahoma State and apply to veterinary school. Eventually, she hopes to practice large animal medicine in the kind of rural community that raised her.

“In Oklahoma, and really all over, there’s such a shortage of large animal vets,” Layton said. “We see a lot of small animals, but the large animal side of everything is kind of dying down. Where I’m from, it’s such a rural area that I would love to go to school and then bring that back and have my own practice where I grew up.”

That goal fits the rest of Layton’s story. The cattle, FFA, rodeo, OSU and Miss Rodeo Oklahoma title are not separate pieces as much as they are different ways she has learned to serve the same world. She wants to give back to the people who taught her, represent the communities that shaped her and make sure the next generation sees that their own background can take them farther than they may realize.

“I would love to come back to my hometown and really help out there,” she said.

For now, Layton is traveling the state and the country with a crown on her hat, a lifetime of rural Oklahoma behind her and a platform that asks people to think about what they are leaving for those who come next. She knows legacy can be found

in a family ranch, a cattle herd started by a seventh grader, an FFA chapter inspired to reach higher, a rodeo queen stopping to answer questions from a child, or a future veterinarian choosing to come home.

It is not one big moment. It is a lifetime of small ones, handled with care.

And for Landry Layton, leaving a legacy starts by remembering exactly where she came from.

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Equine

When Horses Need More than Water

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By Ann Asher

Good horse care usually starts with the basics: clean water, quality forage, a balanced ration and common sense. Still, there are times when water alone may not be enough to help a horse recover from hard work, hauling or heavy sweating. That is where electrolytes can be useful.

Electrolytes are minerals that help the body manage fluid balance, muscle function and nerve function. In horses, the main electrolytes of concern include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium. When a horse sweats, he does not just lose water. He also loses these important minerals, especially sodium and chloride. That is one reason a horse can appear tired, dull or slow to recover after a long ride, a hard workout or a hot day in the trailer.

For most horses in light work, electrolytes do not need to be complicated. A horse on a good forage-based diet will usually get many of the minerals he needs from hay, pasture and feed. The one thing that is commonly short is salt. Because of that, horses should have access to salt daily, either through a plain white salt block, loose salt or salt added to the feed. Some horses do not consume enough from a block, so loose salt can be a better option for horses that need encouragement.

Electrolyte supplements are different from plain salt because they usually contain a blend of minerals designed to replace what is lost in sweat. They can be helpful for horses in regular training, horses that travel, horses competing in hot weather, horses that sweat heavily or horses that are expected to work hard for a long period of time. They may also be useful

when a horse has had an unusual amount of fluid loss, though illness, diarrhea, colic signs or a horse that is not drinking should always involve a veterinarian.

The best way to use electrolytes is to plan ahead and use them according to the label. They can be given in feed, mixed into water or administered as a paste. For many horse owners, adding them to a small amount of feed is the easiest and most reliable method, because the horse is less likely to reject his water. If electrolytes are added to a water bucket, a second bucket of plain water should always be available. A horse should never be put in a situation where the only water offered tastes salty or unfamiliar.

That point is important. Electrolytes are meant to support hydration, not replace water. They work best when the horse has free access to fresh, clean water before and after they are given. Giving electrolytes to a horse that cannot or will not drink can make a bad situation worse. If a horse is dehydrated, depressed, showing signs of colic, refusing water or not recovering normally after exercise, that is a veterinary issue, not a supplement issue.

There can also be such a thing as too much. More electrolytes do not automatically mean better care. Overuse may cause a horse to refuse feed or water, and too much salt without adequate water can irritate the digestive tract and contribute to dehydration concerns. Owners should avoid stacking several electrolyte products at once, especially if the horse is already receiving a fortified feed, mineral supplement or additional salt. It is also worth reading labels carefully. A good electrolyte product should be built around sodium, chloride and other major sweat minerals, not mostly sugar or filler.

Timing matters, too. Electrolytes are most useful when matched to actual need. A horse standing in the pasture with minimal sweating may only need salt and water. A horse hauled several hours, ridden hard, worked in humid weather or sweating through a saddle pad may benefit from an electrolyte product before, during or after the event, depending on the situation and the product directions. For competition horses, it is wise to test any electrolyte routine at home first. Show day is not the time to find out a horse dislikes a certain powder or will refuse treated water.

Owners should also remember that electrolytes are only one part of heat and hydration management. Shade, ventilation, fitness level, rest breaks, cooling with water, and avoiding the hardest work during the worst heat all matter. An out- of-shape horse asked to do too much can get into trouble even if he has been given electrolytes.

Likewise, a fit horse still needs time to cool down and rehydrate after heavy work.

Used correctly, electrolytes are a practical tool. They can help replace minerals lost in sweat and encourage normal recovery when a horse has been working, hauling or sweating hard. Used carelessly, they can create problems, especially if they are given without enough water or used as a substitute for veterinary care.

The safest approach is simple: provide salt every day, keep clean water available at all times, reserve electrolyte supplements for horses that truly need them, and follow the product label. When in doubt, especially with a horse that is not drinking or does not seem right, call the veterinarian. Electrolytes can be helpful, but they work best as part of good horsemanship, not as a shortcut around it.

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Equine

A Practical Part of Horse Health

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By OKFR Staff

Vaccinations may not prevent every case of illness, but they remain one of the most effective tools horse owners have for reducing the risk of serious and sometimes fatal disease. The right vaccination program depends on the horse, where it lives, how often it travels and the animals it may encounter.

The American Association of Equine Practitioners divides vaccines into two categories: core and risk-based. Core vaccines are recommended for all horses because the diseases pose a significant health risk, may have public health implications or are spread by sources that owners cannot completely control.

The core vaccines for horses are tetanus, Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, West Nile virus and rabies.

Tetanus is caused by bacteria commonly found in soil and manure. The organism can enter through puncture wounds, cuts, surgical sites and other damaged tissue. Even a wound that appears minor can create an opportunity for infection.

Previously vaccinated adult horses generally receive a tetanus booster annually. An additional booster may be recommended following a penetrating injury or before surgery if more than six months have passed since the horse’s last dose.

Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis and West Nile virus are spread primarily through mosquitoes. These diseases can affect the nervous system and may cause weakness, loss of coordination, behavioral changes, difficulty standing or death.

Vaccination is generally scheduled before mosquito season begins. In regions with long mosquito seasons, a veterinarian may recommend boosters more frequently than once a year.

Rabies is uncommon in horses, but it is fatal and can be transmitted to people. Horses may be exposed through contact with infected wildlife, including bats, skunks, raccoons and foxes. Because horses frequently interact with owners, veterinarians, farriers and other handlers, annual rabies vaccination protects more than the individual animal.

Risk-based vaccines are recommended according to a horse’s individual circumstances. These may include vaccines for equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, strangles, leptospirosis, botulism and other diseases. A horse that remains on one farm with a closed herd may have different needs than a show horse that travels regularly, shares barns with unfamiliar horses and encounters animals from several states.

Influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines are commonly considered for horses that travel or are frequently exposed to new horses. Equine influenza spreads quickly through respiratory droplets and contaminated equipment. Horses at increased risk may need boosters every six months, and some competitions or facilities require proof of recent vaccination.

Timing also matters. Vaccines do not provide immediate protection, and an unvaccinated horse may require an initial series of two or more doses. The AAEP recommends completing the primary series and needed boosters at least 14 days before likely exposure. Waiting until the day before a show or hauling trip does not give the immune system enough time to respond.

Mild soreness, swelling or a temporary fever can occur after vaccination. Serious reactions are rare, but owners should contact their veterinarian if a horse develops significant swelling, breathing difficulty, hives, weakness or other concerning signs.

There is no single vaccination schedule that fits every horse. Age, pregnancy, health, travel, local disease activity and previous vaccination history all affect the plan.

A veterinarian can also make sure vaccines have been properly stored, administered and recorded.

Vaccination works best alongside good management. Clean equipment, limited contact with unfamiliar horses, isolation of new arrivals and prompt attention to illness remain important.

Together, vaccination and basic biosecurity provide horses with a stronger line of defense against preventable disease.

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