By Tony Dean, tonydean.tx1@gmail.com

Frog fruit is a native, low-growing perennial forb adapted to most of the eastern U.S., but few grazers know it well. It contributes more to our plant communities than we realize. It generally grows no more than a few inches tall and roots at the nodes. It can form dense mats several feet across and develop runners up to 3 feet long.

The leaves are thick, one to two inches long and 3/8 inch wide, and toothed from the middle to the tip. Tiny white flowers form a ring around a flower head, and the head then elongates into a cylinder an inch long or longer. Frog fruit has a four-angled stem.

Frog fruit can grow almost anywhere in Texas and on many soil types. It can grow in drier soils and likes good drainage, but it needs additional moisture to survive the hottest months. You can find it almost anywhere in a pasture, though it often grows in depressions and near water sources.

“Frog fruit is used as forage by livestock and deer. I recall an instance when I was moving cattle from one pasture to the next on a Jack County ranch. As I opened the gate, I stood by a beautiful green plant of switchgrass which I expected to be immediately grazed down. The cattle walked right by the switchgrass and stuck their heads in a small patch of frog fruit a few feet away,” Dean said.

Frog fruit is gaining popularity as a ground cover for homes and gardens for these reasons:

1. Frog fruit grows quickly, maybe too quickly. If it gets out of bounds, you can always trim it back.
2. Frog fruit is low maintenance. Once you get it established with adequate watering, it can survive with little care.
3. Frog fruit has a long bloom period, from April to October.
4. It is a host plant for several butterfly species and other insects.

Stock tanks are a common sight across Oklahoma pastures. For livestock producers, they are one of the most practical ways to provide dependable water where natural sources may be limited. A well-placed tank can help cattle, horses and other livestock make better use of a pasture, especially during hot, dry months.

But livestock are not the only animals that find those tanks.

Birds, reptiles, small mammals and other wildlife may also come to a stock tank for a drink. In many cases, that added water source can be a benefit. The problem comes when an animal gets into the tank and cannot get back out.

Anyone who has ever found an animal dead in a stock tank knows it is an awful discovery. It does not really matter whether it is a bird, a squirrel, a raccoon, a snake or something larger. Finding it is bad enough. Having to get it out, dispose of it and then worry about the water your livestock are drinking makes it even worse.

It is one of those jobs no one wants to do, and it is also one that can often be prevented.

A slick-sided tank or trough can easily become a trap. Small animals that fall in may swim along the edge looking for a way out, but without something they can climb, they eventually tire and drown. That is a loss for wildlife, but it can also create water quality concerns for the livestock using the tank.

The good news is that the solution does not have to be complicated or expensive. A wildlife escape ramp can give trapped animals a way to climb out before they drown.

An escape ramp is exactly what it sounds like: a secure, sloped structure placed inside a tank or trough so animals can find it and climb to safety. According to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, ramps are more effective when they extend into the water, meet the inside wall of the tank and reach the bottom in case water levels drop. They should also be firmly attached so livestock cannot knock them loose.

Not every makeshift ramp works well. A floating log, a pile of rocks or a ramp that does not reach far enough into the tank may help some animals, but it can also be missed entirely. Animals often swim the perimeter of a tank looking for an exit, so a ramp that meets the wall gives them a better chance of finding their way out.

Traction matters, too. Materials such as coated metal grating, rough fiberglass, concrete, rock and mortar or durable plastic composites can help animals climb without sliding back into the water. ODWC notes that ramp slopes should be no steeper than 45 degrees so animals can climb out more easily.

One common design uses expanded metal grating secured to the rim of the tank and angled down into the water. The ramp should be sturdy enough to stay in place, rough enough to provide footing and long enough to remain useful as the water level changes. A rust-inhibiting paint or coating can also help extend the life of metal ramps.

For landowners, this is one of those small projects that can make a real difference. It does not require changing the whole watering system or giving up the benefits of a stock tank. It simply makes the tank safer for the wildlife that may use it.

It may also save you from an unpleasant chore later. There are plenty of hard jobs that come with owning livestock or managing land, but pulling a dead animal from a water tank is one most of us would gladly avoid. A simple escape ramp can help protect water quality, reduce unnecessary wildlife deaths and make a livestock watering system a little more wildlife-friendly.

In a state where agriculture and wildlife often share the same acres, small improvements matter. A stock tank can be a valuable resource for livestock and wildlife alike. Adding a way out helps make sure it stays that way.

By Savannah Magoteaux

Walk through almost any pasture in Texas, and chances are you’ll find one sitting near a water trough, under a shade tree or tucked beside a feed bunk. Sometimes it’s a plain white block. Other times it’s red, brown or even pink. Some weigh a few pounds, while others tip the scales at 50 pounds or more. Salt and mineral blocks have become such a familiar part of livestock management that many producers set them out without much thought. Yet these simple blocks play an important role in animal nutrition, and understanding why livestock seek them out can help producers make better decisions for the health and productivity of their herds.

Salt is one of the few nutrients animals actively crave. Livestock get most of their protein and energy from forage and feed, but pasture plants often lack sodium. Livestock have a specific appetite for salt that kicks in when their bodies need it. That instinct is one reason cattle, horses, sheep and goats will travel surprising distances to find sodium if none is nearby.

Salt blocks have been a ranch staple for generations, but today’s mineral supplements are far more sophisticated. Many products now combine salt with calcium, phosphorus and trace minerals that support everything from muscle contraction and reproduction to immune function and hoof health. The right product depends on the species you’re feeding, the forage available and even the region where the animals live.

More Than Just Salt

Salt is made of two essential minerals: sodium and chloride. Both are macrominerals, meaning animals need them in relatively large amounts compared to trace minerals. Sodium helps regulate nerve impulses, muscle contractions and the movement of fluids through the body. Chloride works alongside sodium to maintain proper hydration and is also a critical component of stomach acid, which livestock need to digest feed efficiently.

Forages contain many nutrients, but they are naturally low in sodium. Even lush spring grass seldom provides enough to meet an animal’s daily requirement, so cattle, horses and many other grazing animals need supplemental salt year-round.

A salt deficiency usually develops slowly, and producers may notice subtle changes that grow more pronounced over time. Animals may eat less feed, which slows weight gain or reduces milk production. Fertility can decline, growth rates may slow and overall performance often suffers. In more severe cases, livestock may start chewing wood, licking soil, eating unusual objects or seeking out other unnatural sources of sodium. These behaviors, sometimes called pica, are the body’s attempt to correct a nutritional imbalance.

Salt is one of the simplest nutritional needs to meet. Salt blocks give livestock a convenient way to regulate their own intake. Instead of eating a large amount at once, animals typically lick the block off and on throughout the day, taking in what their bodies need. Weather-resistant pressed blocks can stay in the pasture for extended periods, which makes them useful for grazing operations where daily feeding is limited.

The familiar white salt block is almost pure sodium chloride and has one main job: supplying salt. For operations where feed or loose mineral supplements already balance the rest of the mineral program, a plain white block may be all you need. In many cow-calf operations, however, producers choose trace mineral salt blocks instead.

Animals need trace minerals in much smaller amounts than sodium or calcium, but those minerals still matter. Copper contributes to immune function, reproduction and proper hair pigmentation. Zinc supports healthy skin, hoof quality and wound healing. Manganese plays a role in skeletal development and reproductive performance. Cobalt is necessary for rumen microbes to produce vitamin B12, while iodine supports proper thyroid function. Selenium, where deficient, works with vitamin E to protect muscle tissue and strengthen the immune system.

Many soils contain low levels of certain trace minerals, so forage quality can vary considerably from one region to another. In portions of Texas and Oklahoma, soil selenium levels are frequently too low to meet livestock requirements. Other areas may contain high concentrations of sulfur, iron or molybdenum, which interfere with copper absorption. These regional differences are one reason nutritionists often recommend mineral programs designed for local conditions instead of a one-size-fits-all approach.

More is not always better. Too much of some minerals can be as harmful as too little. Sheep, for example, are far more sensitive to copper than cattle and should never have unrestricted access to cattle mineral products formulated with higher copper concentrations. Horses have different mineral requirements than ruminants, and goats often need supplementation programs designed for their own nutritional needs. Reading the label before you set a block in the pasture is every bit as important as selecting the right feed.

Producers sometimes overlook intake itself. Salt acts as a natural regulator because livestock eat only limited amounts each day. Manufacturers often mix minerals into salt products because the salt draws animals back to the block regularly while keeping them from overeating the supplement. Even so, weather, forage quality, water availability and individual preferences all affect how much each animal actually gets. Dominant animals may visit the block more often, while timid animals may get less than intended if the pasture has too few blocks.

Placement matters, too. Nutrition specialists often recommend setting blocks near watering areas or loafing sites where livestock naturally gather. In larger pastures, multiple blocks reduce competition and encourage animals to use more of the available grazing acreage. Some producers deliberately place mineral feeders away from water to spread grazing more evenly across the pasture, which can reduce overgrazing in heavily traveled areas and make better use of available forage.

Matching the Supplement to the Situation

Nutritional needs vary from animal to animal, and they can change dramatically through the year. A dry beef cow grazing dormant winter forage has different mineral requirements than a lactating cow nursing a calf. Growing replacement heifers, breeding bulls, horses in heavy work and young livestock all have different demands. As forage quality rises and falls with the seasons, so does the amount of supplementation they may need. During drought, or when livestock rely heavily on hay, mineral supplementation often becomes even more important because stored forages frequently contain lower concentrations of certain nutrients than actively growing pasture.

One of the biggest changes in livestock nutrition over the past several decades has been the growing use of loose mineral supplements. Animals can eat loose minerals more easily than they can lick a pressed block, so nutritionists generally find intake more consistent. Loose minerals also let manufacturers include higher concentrations of phosphorus and other ingredients that are hard to incorporate into a hard block. For producers managing breeding herds or seeking maximum production, loose minerals often provide the most complete nutritional program.

Salt blocks still have a place. Operations with smaller herds, leased grazing ground or remote pastures often appreciate the durability of a pressed block. Blocks hold up well in rain, create little waste and need replacing less often than loose minerals exposed to the weather. Some producers offer both, giving livestock constant access to a salt block with a balanced loose mineral supplement nearby.

Producers also have options when it comes to size. Smaller mineral bricks, often weighing four to ten pounds, are convenient for horse stalls, small paddocks, trailers and temporary pens where only a few animals need access. They are easy to move and replace but need more frequent checking. Larger blocks weighing 25 to 50 pounds suit pastures with multiple animals and last considerably longer before they need replacing. Their size also makes them harder for curious livestock to tip over or carry away.

Weather can affect any mineral program. Pressed blocks hold up well in rain, but you should still set them on well-drained ground whenever possible to reduce waste. Protect loose minerals with covered feeders so moisture doesn’t cake or harden the product. Whatever supplement you offer, keeping feeders clean and replacing contaminated product helps ensure livestock keep eating the minerals as intended.

Water quality deserves consideration as well. Water naturally contains dissolved minerals, and in some parts of Texas, elevated sulfur levels can interfere with copper absorption or contribute to other nutritional imbalances. Forage grown on different soil types can also vary widely in mineral content from one ranch to the next. Because of these differences, many Extension specialists encourage producers to base their mineral program on forage analysis, water testing and recommendations from a veterinarian or livestock nutritionist instead of choosing a product on price or marketing claims.

Mineral supplements cannot make up for poor overall nutrition. Salt blocks and mineral mixes supplement a balanced feeding program. They can’t replace quality forage, adequate energy or sufficient protein. When cattle are short on calories or protein, more mineral won’t fix the underlying problem. Mineral nutrition works best as one piece of a larger management plan.

Despite the growing number of specialized products, the principle stays simple. Livestock need minerals for many biological functions, and because forage often lacks those nutrients or supplies them inconsistently, producers must provide them another way. Whether that means a plain white salt block, a fortified trace mineral block or a carefully balanced loose mineral depends on the operation and the animals.

That weathered salt block sitting in the pasture reflects decades of nutritional research and a basic lesson of animal physiology: even the smallest nutrients can have a big effect on health, reproduction and performance. Like good fences and dependable water, a well-planned mineral program tends to go unnoticed until it is missing.

Choosing the Right Block

Walk down the livestock aisle of any farm store and you’ll likely find dozens of mineral products. Labels vary by manufacturer, but these are some of the most common options producers encounter.

White Salt Blocks: Made almost entirely of sodium chloride, these blocks provide a basic source of salt. Producers commonly use them when livestock already receive a balanced mineral supplement through feed or a separate loose mineral program.

Trace Mineral Salt Blocks (Red Blocks): The most common choice for beef cattle, these blocks contain salt along with added trace minerals such as zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt and iodine. They help supply nutrients that may be lacking in forage.

High-Selenium Mineral Blocks: Designed for regions where selenium-deficient soils are common, these products provide carefully regulated levels of selenium. Because selenium can become toxic if overfed, follow label directions and check local recommendations before use.

Sulfur or Specialty Mineral Blocks: Some blocks are formulated for specific regional deficiencies or management goals and may include sulfur, magnesium or other nutrients. Producers often choose these products based on forage tests, water quality or veterinary advice.

Pressed Blocks vs. Loose Minerals: Pressed blocks are durable, weather resistant and low maintenance, which makes them ideal for many pasture situations. Loose minerals generally provide more consistent intake and allow more complete formulations, making them the preferred choice for many breeding and production herds.

Large Blocks or Small Bricks? Smaller mineral bricks are convenient for stalls, pens and small groups of livestock where portability matters. Larger 25- and 50-pound blocks are designed for pasture use and need replacing less often. The best choice often comes down to herd size, grazing conditions and how often you can check and refill the supplement.